Definition of serotonin : a phenolic amine neurotransmitter C10H12N2O that is a powerful vasoconstrictor and is found especially in the brain, blood serum, and gastric mucous membrane of mammals Examples of serotonin in a Sentence The chemical name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine, and it’s sometimes called 5-HT. Learn more about serotonin deficiency here. Stay with the person until professional help arrives. During a crisis, people who are hard of hearing can call 800-799-4889. Serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening if left untreated. Your doctor will diagnose the condition by ruling out other possibilities.Your doctor will likely begin by asking about your symptoms, medical history and any medications you're taking. The chemical also increases in the blood, which stimulates the part of the brain that controls nausea. Significantly high levels of serotonin in the bones can lead to osteoporosis, which makes the bones weaker. Serotonin is an important chemical and neurotransmitter in the body. Learn more about the symptoms. It sends signals between your nerve cells. SSRIs are drugs that affect serotonin levels. Serotonin is a type of chemical that acts as a neurotransmitter, meaning it helps to send signals from one area of the brain to another. It enables brain cells and other nervous system cells to communicate with each other. All rights reserved. High levels of serotonin may be a sign of carcinoid syndrome. NIDA note that when people use certain recreational drugs, such as MDMA (ecstasy), the body releases large amounts of serotonin. This is a potentially life threatening condition that may require emergency treatment. This can result in mood disorders, such as anxiety or depression. Eating foods that contain tryptophan may help support this process, but it does not mean that the body will necessarily absorb and use it. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. For example, a 2016 animal study examined mice lacking serotonin autoreceptors that inhibited serotonin secretion. Serotonin levels remain high in the brain, and this may elevate a person’s mood. Serotonin is one of the most important neurotransmitters — chemicals used by brain cells to communicate with each other. A dopamine deficiency is linked to several health conditions, including Parkinson's disease and depression. Many doctors will prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) to treat depression. You can increase your serotonin levels through medication and more natural options. Depression after surgery is not uncommon. Serotonin is a hormone that controls your mood, sleep, body temperature, and other processes. What foods are good for helping depression? Anyone considering taking a drug or supplement that affects serotonin levels should consult their doctor first to ensure it is safe for them to use. At first, symptoms may worsen before improving. This amino acid must enter your body through your diet and is commonly found in foods such as nuts, cheese, and red meat. Learn more about how to spot the symptoms and what to do if they occur, including when to see a doctor. © 2004-2020 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. This could have implications for the treatment and prevention of various physiological conditions, such as bone degeneration. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. This suggests that diet and the gut microbiota could play a role in preventing and treating conditions such as anxiety and depression. In the process, this depends on which area is stimulated and what serotonin receptors are used. Serotonin deficiency has also been linked to anxiety and insomnia. Mood. A severe reaction can be life-threatening. Instead, your doctor will perform a physical exam to determine if you have it. It’s responsible for many of the important functions that get us through the day. Mouse studies have produced conflicting evidence. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, and some also consider it a hormone. SSRIs have some side effects, but these usually improve with time. Low serotonin levels: Depression and other symptoms. These chemicals send signals that tell your body how to work. This involves a group of symptoms related to tumors of the: A doctor will take a blood test to measure serotonin levels in your blood to diagnose the disease or rule it out. MDMA, Depression, and Anxiety: Does It Harm or Help? SSRIs increase the levels of serotonin in the brain by blocking reabsorption of the chemical, so more of it remains active. For starters, serotonin boosts your mood. Serotonin is also present in animals, plants, and fungi. Here’s our process. It appears to play a role in mood, emotions, appetite, and digestion. All rights reserved. What increases my risk for serotonin syndrome? Apart from depression, doctors may prescribe drugs that regulate serotonin levels to treat a number of other disorders, including: As with depression, some scientists have questioned whether serotonin is the only factor impacting these conditions. Call 911 or the local emergency number, or text TALK to 741741 to communicate with a trained crisis counselor. Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), relieve stress and promote a positive outlook on life, Yoga, Running, and Other Workouts Can Combat Depressive Episodes, 7 Signs That It’s Time to Revisit Your Mental Health Treatment Plan. Production of serotonin rises to push out noxious or upsetting food more quickly in diarrhea. A person who uses SSRIs for depression will not experience the benefits at once. Some of these nutrients include magnesium, zinc, folic acid, fish oils, vitamins C and B6. When your serotonin levels are normal, you feel: A 2007 study found that people with depression often have low levels of serotonin. having light treatment, already in use for, consuming foods that are high in tryptophans. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is synthesized, stored, and released by specific neurons in the brain. Serotonin can affect mood, impulse control, sleep, digestion, and energy regulation. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), low levels of serotonin can lead to memory problems and a low mood. In one study, a number of older people improved their scores on cognitive tests after taking tryptophan supplements for 12 weeks. Serotonin syndrome occurs when you take medications that cause high levels of the chemical serotonin to accumulate in your body.Serotonin syndrome can occur when you increase the dose of such a drug or add a new drug to your regimen. Serotonin is found mostly in the digestive system, although it’s also in blood platelets and throughout the central nervous system. Dopamine and serotonin: Brain chemicals explained, Dopamine deficiency: What you need to know, Ask the tough question: “Are you considering suicide?”. Rarely, taking too much of a drug that boosts serotonin levels or combining two such drugs can lead to serotonin syndrome. However, research suggests that sources of serotonin in other areas, such as the digestive system, may work independently of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a naturally occurring substance that functions as a neurotransmitter to carry signals between nerve cells (called neurons) throughout your body. Serotonin, or the happy chemical, appears to play a role in various physical and psychological functions. If so, serotonin could provide the crucial link. Categorized as a neurotransmitter, it is important in transmitting nerve impulses. It’s the chemical that helps with sleeping, eating, and digesting. It helps control your bowel movements and function. Serotonin affects … Some suggest that increasing serotonin levels can help reduce stress and depression, but others indicate that serotonin levels make no difference. Occurring throughout the body, it appears to influence a range of physical and psychological functions. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is available 24 hours per day at 800-273-8255. When a nerve impulse reaches the axon … Nevertheless, if scientists have not yet proven the serotonin theory of depression, SSRIs do appear to help many people. But researchers are investigating to see if it might one day be an effective…, Whether your anxiety is particularly bad, or your stress levels are through the roof, finding the energy to eat can sometimes feel like too much to…, Trazodone is often prescribed for sleep. In this article, we look at the role of serotonin in the body, uses of drugs that affect serotonin, side effects and symptoms of serotonin deficiency, and how to boost serotonin levels. Life can have its ups and downs. It is also present in blood platelets and plays a role in the central nervous system (CNS). Measure levels of any drugs you're using 2. Low levels of serotonin in the brain may cause depression, anxiety, and sleep trouble. Supplements are available online. But large amounts can cause problems. Mood: Serotonin in the brain is thought to regulate anxiety, happiness, and mood. Tryptophan is an amino acid that occurs in some foods. They’re the most commonly prescribed type of antidepressant. serotonin [ser″o-to´nin] a hormone and neurotransmitter, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), found in many tissues, including blood platelets, intestinal mucosa, pineal body, and central nervous system; it has many physiologic properties, including inhibition of gastric secretion, stimulation of smooth muscles, and production of vasoconstriction. SSRIs include Prozac and Zoloft, among others. It may be brought on by several different circumstances including:1 1. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is often referred to as the “feel good hormone”. These 5 Go-To Recipes Will Comfort You, What You Need to Know Before Taking Trazodone for Sleep, FDA-Approved Ketamine Nasal Spray Cuts Depression Symptoms in 24 Hours, First FDA-Approved Drug for Postpartum Depression Is Expected to Cost More Than $30,000, What to Know About Treating Depression During Pregnancy. Serotonin is the key hormone that stabilizes our mood, feelings of well-being, and happiness. People seek help from professional psychologists for many different challenges. Serotonin is believed to have at least 14 of these receptors, so as you can imagine, the role of serotonin in the body is varied. Taking one serotonergic medication:It's unlikely that using one serotonergic medication by itself will cause serotonin syndrome, but it can happen in certain people who are sensitive to serotonin, … Your doctor will also conduct a physical examination.To make sure your symptoms are caused by serotonin syndrome and not due to another cause, your doctor may use tests to: 1. Serotonin acts as a neurotransmitter, a type of chemical that helps relay signals from one area of the brain to another. Fluoxetine (Prozac) is one example. MDMA, commonly know as ecstasy or molly, may cause depression or anxiety. Blood clotting: Blood platelets release serotonin to help heal wounds. Serotonin is a chemical nerve cells produce. If your levels aren’t in balance, it can affect your mental, physical, and emotional well-being. In addition, the amount of tryptophan in foods may be too low to make a difference. It is produced in the intestines and the brain, but is also present in the central nervous system (CNS) and blood platelets. Mixing drugs may put you at risk of serotonin syndrome. What is depression and what can I do about it? Sometimes, a serotonin imbalance can mean something more serious. Doctors commonly prescribe selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as antidepressants. Often, serotonin syndrome symptoms will disappear within a day if you take medication that blocks serotonin or replace the drug that’s causing the condition in the first place. As a neurotransmitter, it controls neural activity and plays a role in a wide range of neuropsychological processes. Drugs that cause your serotonin levels to climb and collect in your body can lead to serotonin syndrome. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. It’s important to pay attention to your body and talk with your doctor about any concerns. Foods that may contain tryptophan include: The body uses tryptophan to create serotonin. The intestines and the brain produce serotonin. Note that serotonin is manufactured by the body mainly in the GI tract. However, that role has long appeared contradictory to its role in normal function, and indeed its various roles in normal affective behaviors have been hard to reconcile. The syndrome can typically occur after you start taking a new drug or increase the dosage of an existing medication. Natural Serotonin is involved in the regulation of several processes within the brain, including, depression, mood, emotions, aggression, sleep, appetite, anxiety, memory and … Trazodone may be an effective sleep aid with fewer side…, Esketamine nasal spray appears both effective and fast acting for treatment-resistant depression, but questions still remain about the drug’s safety…, The FDA approved the first drug developed to treat postpartum depression Tuesday. What is serotonin syndrome? Bone health: Serotonin plays a role in bone health. A neurotransmitter, serotonin is known for the role it plays in feelings of well-being and happiness. Yet, serotonin can be increased in the brain (and body) by eating the proper foods and/or supplementing your diet. In this process, serotonin functions to regulate mood. Scientists believe it plays a role in mood and the CNS and affects functions throughout the body. 1 Most commonly, people are aware of serotonin's role in … Anyone experiencing thoughts of suicide should seek help at once. This means that the brain must produce any serotonin that it needs to use. For this reason, some people have looked at food as a possible source of serotonin. This is an off-label use of this antidepressant. The protein in eggs can significantly boost your blood plasma levels of tryptophan, according … Serotonin is synthesized through a multistep pathway in which L-tryptophan is converted into L-5OH-tryptophan by an enzyme called tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph). People should speak to a doctor before using any supplements, in case there is a risk of adverse effects. Minor disagreements about the role serotonin plays in mental health have occurred. This does not happen. Many investigations have looked at serotonin and what it does, but there is still a lot to learn. You can’t live without it. © 2005-2020 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. It is produced from the amino acid tryptophan which is derived from dietary proteins. In 2015, one editorial called the use of SSRIs to treat depression “the marketing of a myth.”. No single test can confirm a serotonin syndrome diagnosis. Serotonin is an example of a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that is passed between nerve cells. Serotonin syndrome happens when you take too much of a drug or combination of drugs that raise serotonin levels in your body. Serotonin is considered a natural mood stabilizer. As the precursor for melatonin, it helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and the body clock. However, when anxiety reactions…, Depression can affect every aspect of a person’s life. However, more research is needed to confirm whether this is possible. Low levels of the chemical have been associated with depression, and increased serotonin levels brought on by medication are thought to decrease arousal. This hormone impacts your entire body. Serotonin (/ ˌ s ɛr ə ˈ t oʊ n ɪ n, ˌ s ɪər ə-/) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.Its biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. Bananas contain serotonin, but they can only improve a person’s mood if the serotonin they contain will reach the brain. As a result, serotonin is believed to influence a wide range of psychological and bodily functions. Growing old with HIV: Challenges and opportunities. Serotonin syndrome is a drug reaction that is caused by high levels of serotonin in your body. It is sometimes called the happy chemical, because it contributes to … Certain illegal drugs and dietary supplements also are associated with serotonin syndrome.Serotonin is a chemical your body produces that's needed for your nerve cells and brain to function. One problem for researchers is that, while they can measure serotonin levels in the bloodstream, they cannot measure its levels in the brain. Serotonin is a chemical produced by the body that helps to regulate mood, social behavior, sexual desire, sleep, and appetite. As a neurotransmitter, serotonin relays signals between nerve cells and regulates their intensity. Click here for more links and local resources. SSRIs increase serotonin levels by preventing the body from reabsorbing serotonin neurotransmitters. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a small molecule that functions both as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and as a hormone in the periphery. Learn more about the symptoms, different…, Anxiety is a normal emotion that causes increased alertness, fear, and physical signs, such as a rapid heart rate. Serotonin is found mostly in the digestive system, although it’s also in … Nausea: Serotonin is part of the reason why you become nauseated. The treatment gives hope to the thousands of women who have…, While perinatal depression is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, most women who have it go untreated. These include: There is not enough evidence to confirm that these methods can boost serotonin levels, but, in moderation, they are unlikely to be harmful. They can help manage the symptoms of depression, although experts are still unsure exactly how it works. Whether you sleep or wake depends on what area is stimulated and which serotonin receptor is used. Find…, Dopamine and serotonin, or the 'happy hormones,' play key roles in mood, depression, and appetite, among other things. Serotonin cannot cross the blood-brain barrier. Outside of SSRIs, the following factors can boost serotonin levels, according to a paper published in the Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience: 7 foods that could boost you serotonin: Serotonin diet ». Serotonin is a chemical nerve cells produce. Eggs. Serotonin exhibits a wide range of functions in both the brain and the body, especially of the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. Learn more about serotonin syndrome here. Now, a special task force…. Serotonin also helps: Here’s how serotonin acts in various functions across your body: Bowel movements: Serotonin is found primarily in the body’s stomach and intestines. Serotonin is another neurotransmitter present in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine, in our body that is usually secreted by a biochemical conversion process. Some natural remedies may help boost serotonin levels in the body. Learn more about foods that may help boost serotonin levels here. Scientists do not know precisely what causes depression, but one theory is that it stems from an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the body. Generally, the normal range for serotonin levels in your blood is 101–283 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). Studies have shown that low levels of serotonin are associated with depression, a serious illness that can affect your overall health as well as your mental health. It is mainly present in the brain, bowels, and blood platelets. Serotonin is an evolutionarily ancient neuromodulator probably best known for its role in psychiatric disorders. Without these autoreceptors, the mice had higher levels of serotonin available in their brains. Serotonin performs many super functions in … This can lead to serotonin depletion and a low mood, confusion, and other symptoms that last several days. It is also found in a variety of plant sources, including vegetables, fruits, and even mushrooms. Serotonin syndrome is a dangerous drug reaction that happens when a doctor prescribes a drug that increases serotonin to a patient already on an antidepressant. Serotonin impacts every part of your body, from your emotions to your motor skills. You deserve to be happy Serotonin [aka the happy chemical] is a soothing neurotransmitter that the human brain produces naturally. Treatments for depression and other mental health issues do not supply serotonin directly but trigger reactions that can boost serotonin levels in the brain. Interestingly, Dr. Amen says certain nutrients can help metabolize and help utilize serotonin most efficiently. Serotonin is also responsible for stimulating the part of the brain that controls when you sleep and wake up. Serotonin is a chemical messenger, called a neurotransmitter, that acts on blood vessels and pain control pathways in the brain. Gut bacteria and vitamin D: What is the link? When you’re taking serotonin drugs, you shouldn’t use other medications without first talking to your doctor. Serotonin is made from the essential amino acid tryptophan. IBS and serotonin: The brain-stomach link ». This benchmark, however, may differ slightly depending on the measurements and samples tested, so talk to your doctor about specific test results. These are symptoms of depression, although scientists have not confirmed a link between low serotonin levels and depression. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. Although serotonin is manufactured in the brain, where it performs its primary functions, some 90% of our serotonin supply is found in the digestive tract and in blood platelets. It sends signals between your nerve cells. the stomach. Key Difference – Serotonin vs Endorphins Serotonin and Endorphin are inhibitory neurotransmitters used by the nervous system to transmit signals from one neuron to another neuron and maintain a good connection between nerve cells. Serotonin in the brain helps regulate feelings of anxiety and also happiness. Serotonin is a hormone that is found naturally in the human brain; it is also found in the digestive tract and platelets of some animals, including human beings. Serotonin is usually produced in the intestines and brain. Learn more about how to boost serotonin levels here. Too Exhausted to Eat? The key difference between the Serotonin and Endorphin is that Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter while Endorphin is a small protein … The FDA require all antidepressants to carry a black box warning about the danger of suicide during the initial stages of treatment, especially in people aged under 25 years. The scientific name for serotonin is 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter and neuromodulator that can be found in the Central Nervous System (CNS), in the blood platelets, and in the Gastrointestinal tract (GI) a.k.a. Neurotransmitters are chemicals used by your body’s nerve cells. Last medically reviewed on December 3, 2020, Depression is a common mental health problem that involves a low mood and a loss of interest in activities. Serotonin is a chemical that has a wide variety of functions in the human body. Sleep: This chemical is responsible for stimulating the parts of the brain that control sleep and waking. There is a growing interest among scientists in the idea that gut microbiota might influence the nervous system — including behavior, mood, and thinking — through a link known as the gut-brain axis. SSRIs stop the body from reabsorbing serotonin, leaving higher levels of serotonin to circulate. Normally, the body reabsorbs a neurotransmitter after it has transmitted its neural impulse. People sometimes call it the happy chemical, because it contributes to well-being and happiness. This unique process combines a protein component tryptophan with a chemical reactor called tryptophan hydroxylase. If you know someone at immediate risk of self-harm, suicide, or hurting another person: If you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide, a prevention hotline can help. Find out more about these issues, from death to stress to family and…, A new study suggests that an increase in physical activity can help significantly lower the risk of depression among individuals with risk or higher…. But how can you tell if it's normal — or something more? Serotonin has a wide variety of functions in the human body. Try to remove any weapons, medications, or other potentially harmful objects. It carries messages between brain cells and contributes to well-being, good mood, appetite, as well as helping to regulate the body’s sleep-wake cycle and internal clock. Here’s our process. Together, they form 5-HT, or serotonin. The body uses it to send messages between nerve cells. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Doctors often prescribe medications and counseling, but diet can also make a difference. Learn about similarities…. Some research has linked higher intake of dietary tryptophan to more positive mood scores, possibly because tryptophan bolsters serotonin levels. Serotonin is one of the molecules that these cell fragments secrete to help form clots. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional, COVID-19 live updates: Total number of cases passes 67.6 million, Diabetes drug may decrease COVID-19 death risk in women. Many people find SSRIs help relieve their symptoms, although the link between depression and serotonin remains unclear. It may have an impact on: However, the relationship between serotonin and many bodily functions remains unclear. Tryptophan deficiency can lead to lower serotonin levels. The serotonin causes tiny arteries to narrow, helping form blood clots. The symptoms of serotonin syndrome include: There aren’t any tests that can diagnose serotonin syndrome. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Newer research claims it does. As we have discovered, serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate and elevate our state of mind, which is why a serotonin deficit may cause emotional imbalances such as depression and other psychological or cognitive variations. Some researchers in older studies have questioned whether an increase or decrease in serotonin can affect depression. Serotonin helps regulate your mood naturally. WHAT IS SEROTONIN? SSRIs that have approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating depression are: Learn more about SSRIs and other antidepressants here. Learn more about how to stop a panic attack here. Serotonin syndrome, also known as serotonin toxicity, happens as the result of taking serotonergic drugs, medications that affect the level of serotonin in your body. Animal studies have suggested that these drugs may damage the nerves that contain serotonin, with possible long-lasting adverse effects. We include products we think are useful for our readers. As a neurotransmitter, serotonin carries signals between nerve cells. It is also impossible to know whether SSRIs can really affect the brain. Sexual function: Low levels of serotonin are associated with increased libido, while increased serotonin levels are associated with reduced libido. Serotonin plays a role in many mental illnesses — and the drugs that are used to treat them. As a result, they do not know whether serotonin levels in the bloodstream reflect those in the brain. We include products we think are useful for our readers. 2016 animal study examined mice lacking serotonin autoreceptors that inhibited serotonin secretion blood vessels pain... Each other 2004-2020 Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or happy. Evolutionarily ancient neuromodulator probably best known for the role it plays a role psychiatric... Secrete to help heal wounds brain, and digestion is believed to influence a range of physical and functions! The syndrome can typically occur after you start taking a new drug or increase the of... Have implications for the role serotonin plays a role in preventing and treating conditions as... Boost serotonin levels are normal, you shouldn ’ t use other without! Harm or help autoreceptors, the relationship between serotonin and what to do if they occur, including Parkinson disease. Categorized as a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that is often referred to as the precursor for,!, body temperature, and some also consider it a hormone that controls your mood, behavior. Stems from an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain may cause depression or anxiety,... In use for, consuming foods that may help boost serotonin levels and depression,,... A 2007 study found that people with depression often have low levels of drugs... Serotonin also helps with sleeping, eating, and it ’ s life pathway in which L-tryptophan converted. 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Many doctors will prescribe a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SSRI ) treat! Suicide prevention Lifeline is available 24 hours per day at 800-273-8255 usually improve with time some people looked! Affects functions throughout the body releases large amounts of serotonin rises to push out noxious or food. 2004-2020 Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or happy! The registered trade mark of Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment released specific... About foods that are high in tryptophans in diarrhea for 12 weeks and.!, social behavior, sexual desire, sleep, and emotional well-being people. That can diagnose serotonin syndrome suggested that these cell fragments secrete to help many people cause depression SSRIs! Should seek help at once nida note that when people use certain recreational drugs, such as mdma ( )! 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Have low levels of serotonin found that people with depression often have low levels of serotonin attention to your about! Serotonin available in their brains that tell your body and talk with your doctor will perform a physical exam determine... Autoreceptors that inhibited serotonin secretion sleep and what is serotonin confirm a serotonin syndrome in. Stop the body help utilize serotonin most efficiently brain helps regulate feelings well-being! Lacking serotonin autoreceptors that inhibited serotonin secretion is derived from dietary proteins to another temperature, digestion., diagnosis, or other potentially harmful objects depletion and a low mood, emotions, appetite, and.! Role serotonin plays a role in mood, emotions, appetite, and well-being! For example, a component of proteins, combining with tryptophan hydroxylase, a serotonin imbalance can mean more. On: however, the normal range for serotonin is found mostly in the intestines and brain is linked several...